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Scholarly editions of texts, especially texts of great antiquity or importance, often record some or all of the known variations among different witnesses to the text. Witnesses to a text may include authorial or other manuscripts, printed editions of the work, early translations, or quotations of a work in other texts. Information concerning variant readings of a text may be accumulated in highly structured form in a critical apparatus of variants. This chapter defines an additional tag set for use in encoding such an apparatus of variants, which may be used in conjunction with any of the base tag sets defined in these Guidelines. It also defines an element class which provides extra attributes for some elements of the core tag set when this additional tag set is selected.
This tag set is selected as described in 3.3 ; in a document which uses the markup described in this chapter, the document type declaration should contain the following declaration of the entity TEI.textcrit , or an equivalent one:
<!ENTITY % TEI.textcrit 'INCLUDE'>The entire document type declaration for a document using this additional tag set together with the base tag set for prose might look like this:
<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 PUBLIC "-//TEI P3//DTD Main Document Type//EN"
"tei2.dtd" [
<!ENTITY TEI.prose 'INCLUDE' >
<!ENTITY TEI.textcrit 'INCLUDE' >
]>
The overall document type declaration for this additional tag set has the following structure. First, the file teitc2.ent defines some element classes relevant to this tag set:
<!-- 19: Entity classes for text criticism -->
<!-- Text Encoding Initiative: Guidelines for Electronic -->
<!-- Text Encoding and Interchange. Document TEI P3, 1994. -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 1994 ACH, ACL, ALLC. Permission to copy -->
<!-- in any form is granted, provided this notice is -->
<!-- included in all copies. -->
<!-- These materials may not be altered; modifications to -->
<!-- these DTDs should be performed as specified in the -->
<!-- Guidelines in chapter "Modifying the TEI DTD." -->
<!-- These materials subject to revision. Current versions -->
<!-- are available from the Text Encoding Initiative. -->
<!ENTITY % x.fragmentary '' >
<!ENTITY % m.fragmentary '%x.fragmentary lacunaEnd |
lacunaStart | witEnd | witStart' >
<!ENTITY % a.fragmentary '
wit CDATA #IMPLIED' >
<!ENTITY % a.readings '
wit CDATA #IMPLIED
cause CDATA #IMPLIED
varSeq NUMBER #IMPLIED
resp CDATA %INHERITED
hand IDREF %INHERITED
type CDATA #IMPLIED' >
The file teitc2.dtd defines the elements
themselves:
<!-- 19: Tags for text criticism --> <!-- Text Encoding Initiative: Guidelines for Electronic --> <!-- Text Encoding and Interchange. Document TEI P3, 1994. --> <!-- Copyright (c) 1994 ACH, ACL, ALLC. Permission to copy --> <!-- in any form is granted, provided this notice is --> <!-- included in all copies. --> <!-- These materials may not be altered; modifications to --> <!-- these DTDs should be performed as specified in the --> <!-- Guidelines in chapter "Modifying the TEI DTD." --> <!-- These materials subject to revision. Current versions --> <!-- are available from the Text Encoding Initiative. --> <!-- ... declarations from section 19.1.1 --> <!-- (Apparatus entry) --> <!-- go here ... --> <!-- ... declarations from section 19.1.2 --> <!-- (Readings) --> <!-- go here ... --> <!-- ... declarations from section 19.1.3 --> <!-- (Reading Groups) --> <!-- go here ... --> <!-- ... declarations from section 19.1.4.1 --> <!-- (Witness Details) --> <!-- go here ... --> <!-- ... declarations from section 19.1.4.2 --> <!-- (Source-text Witness Lists in Apparatus) --> <!-- go here ... --> <!-- ... declarations from section 19.1.4.3 --> <!-- (Witness Lists in Front Matter) --> <!-- go here ... --> <!-- ... declarations from section 19.1.5 --> <!-- (Fragmentary witnesses) --> <!-- go here ... -->
Information about variant readings (whether or not represented by a critical apparatus in the source text) may be recorded in a series of apparatus entries, each entry documenting one variation, or set of readings, in the text. Tags for the apparatus entry and readings, and for the documentation of the witnesses whose readings are included in the apparatus, are described in section 19.1 . Special tags for fragmentary witnesses are described in section 19.1.5 . The available methods for embedding the apparatus in the rest of the text, or for linking an external apparatus to the base text, are described in section 19.2 . Finally, several extra attributes for some tags of the core tag set, made available when the additional tag set for text criticism is selected, are documented in section 18.1.1 .
Many examples given in this chapter refer to the following texts of the opening (usually just line 1) of Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue :
This section introduces the fundamental markup methods used to encode textual variations:
Individual textual variations are encoded using the <app> element, which groups together all the readings constituting the variation. The identification of discrete textual variations or apparatus entries is not a purely mechanical process; different editors may group readings differently. No rules are given here as to how to group readings into apparatus entries; the tags given here may be used to group readings in whatever way the editor finds most perspicuous or useful.
The individual apparatus entry is encoded with the <app> element:
The attributes loc , from , and to , are used to link the apparatus entry to the base text. Several methods may be used for such linkage, each involving a slightly different usage for these attributes. Linkage between text and apparatus is described below in section 19.2 .
Each <app> element comprises one or more readings, which in turn are encoded using the <rdg> or other elements, as described in the next section. A very simple partial apparatus for the first line of the Wife of Bath's Prologue might take a form something like this:
<app> <rdg wit='El'>Experience though noon Auctoritee</rdg> <rdg wit='La'>Experiment thogh noon Auctoritee</rdg> <rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment though none auctorite</rdg> </app>Of course, in practice the apparatus will be somewhat more complex. Specifically, it may be desired to record more obviously that manuscripts El and La agree on the words ``noon Auctoritee'', to indicate a preference for one reading, etc. The following sections on readings, subvariation, and witness information describe some of the more important complications which can arise.
The structure of an <app> element is formally defined as follows:
<!-- 19.1.1: Apparatus entry -->
<!ELEMENT app - O ((lem, wit?)?, ((rdg, wit?) |
(rdgGrp, wit?))+) >
<!ATTLIST app %a.global;
to IDREF #IMPLIED
from IDREF #IMPLIED
loc CDATA #IMPLIED
type CDATA #IMPLIED >
<!-- This fragment is used in sec. 19 -->
Individual readings are the crucial elements in any critical apparatus of variants. The following elements should be used to tag individual readings within an apparatus entry:
In recording readings within an apparatus entry, the <rdg> element may always be used; each <app> must contain at least one <rdg> .
The <lem> element may also be used, under some circumstances, to record the base text of the source edition, to mark the readings of a base witness, to indicate the preference of an editor or encoder for a particular reading, or to make clear, in cases of ambiguity, precisely which portion of the main text the variation applies to. Those who prefer to work without the notion of a base text may prefer not to use it at all. How it is used depends in part on the method chosen for linking the apparatus to the text; for more information, see section 19.2 .
Readings may be encoded individually, or grouped for perspicuity using the <rdgGrp> element described in section 19.1.3 .
As members of the attribute class readings , both of these elements inherit the following attributes. Some of these attributes are intelligible only if the reading is ascribed to a single witness; others have no such restriction.
The wit attribute identifies the witnesses which have the reading in question. It is required if the apparatus gathers together readings from different witnesses, but may be omitted in an apparatus recording the readings of only one witness, e.g. substitutions, divergent opinions on what is in the witness or on how to expand abbreviations, etc. Even in such a one-witness apparatus, however, the wit attribute may still be useful when it is desired to record the occurrence of a particular reading in some other witness. For other methods of identifying the witnesses to a reading, see section 19.1.4 .
The type attribute allows the encoder to classify readings in any convenient way, for example as substantive variants of the lemma:
<app> <lem wit='El Hg'>Experience</lem> <rdg wit='La' type='substantive'>Experiment</rdg> <rdg wit='Ra2' type='substantive'>Eryment</rdg> </app>or as orthographic variants:
<app> <lem wit='El Ra2'>though</lem> <rdg wit='Hg' type='orthographic'>thogh</rdg> <rdg wit='La' type='orthographic'>thouh</rdg> </app>
The varSeq and cause attributes may be used to convey information on the sequence and cause of variation. In the following apparatus fragment, the reading `Eryment' is tagged as sequential to (derived from) the reading `Experiment', and the cause is given as loss of the abbreviation for `per'.
<app>
<rdg varSeq=1 wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg varSeq=2 cause='abbreviation loss'
wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
If a manuscript is written in several hands, and it is desired to report which hand wrote a particular reading, the hand attribute should be used. For example, in the Munich manuscript containing the Carmina Burana , the word `alle' has been changed to `allen':
<l>Swaz hi g&a;t umbe
<l>daz sint alle megede,
<l>die wellent &a;n man
<l><app>
<rdg wit='M' hand='m1'
varSeq=1>alle</rdg>
<rdg wit='M' hand='m2'
varSeq=2
cause='nachgetragen'>allen</rdg>
</app>
disen sumer g&a;n.
<!-- entity &a; is used here for â -->
Similarly, if a witness is hard to decipher, it may be desired to indicate responsibility for the claim that a particular reading is supported by a particular witness. In line 2212a of Beowulf , for example, the manuscript is read in different ways by different scholars; the editor Klaeber prints one text, and records in the apparatus two different accounts of the manuscript reading, by Zupitza and Chambers: [ see note 112 ]
<l>se ðe on <app> <rdg wit='Kl'>hea(um) h(&ae;&th;)e</rdg> <rdg wit='MS' resp='Z'>hea&d;o hl&ae;we</rdg> <rdg wit='MS' resp='Cha'>heaum hope</rdg> </app></l> <l>hord beweotode,</l>
The hand and resp attributes are intelligible only on an element recording a reading from a single witness, and should not be used if more than one witness is given on the same <rdg> or <lem> element. If more than one witness is given for the reading, they are undefined. To convey this information when the witness is one among several, the <witDetail> element should be used; see section 19.1.4 .
Where there is a greater weight of editorial discussion and interpretation than can conveniently be expressed through the attributes provided on these tags (e.g. multiple causes for a single reading; multiple editorial responsibility for an emendation) this information can be attached to the apparatus in a note, or recorded in the feature structure notation defined in chapter 16 . In particular, such recurring text-critical situations as palaeographic confusion of particular letters, or homoeoarchy or homoeoteleuton involving specific character groups, may lend themselves to feature structure treatment. Information concerning these recurrent situations may be encoded into database-like fragments within the text which would then be available to sophisticated computer-assisted analysis. Further work remains to be done on such mechanisms, however, and so no examples are given here of the use of feature structures in text-critical apparatus.
The <note> element may also be used to record the specific wording of notes in the apparatus of the source edition, as here in a transcription of Friedrich Klaeber's note on Beowulf 2207a:
<l n='2207a'>sy&d;&d;an Beowulfe <note place='app' resp='Kl'>Fol. 179a <mentioned>beowulfe</mentioned>. Folio 179, with the last page (Fol. 198b), is the worst part of the entire MS. It has been freshened up by a later hand, but not always correctly. Information on doubtful readings is in the notes of Zupitza and Chambers. </note> </l> <l n='2207b'>brade rice</l> <!-- ... -->Notes providing details of the reading of one particular witness should be encoded using the specialized <witDetail> element described in section 19.1.4 .
Encoders should be aware of the distinct fields of use of the attribute values wit , hand , and resp . Broadly, wit identifies the physical entity in which the reading is found (manuscript, clay tablet, papyrus, printed edition); hand refers to the agent responsible for inscribing that reading in that physical entity (scribe, author, inscriber, hand 1, hand 2); resp indicates the scholar responsible for asserting the existence of that reading in that physical entity. In some cases, the categories may blur: a scholar may produce an edition introducing readings for which he or she is responsible; that edition may itself become a witness in a later critical apparatus. Thus, readings introduced as corrections in the earlier edition will be seen in the later apparatus as witnessed by the earlier edition. As observed in the discussion concerning the discrimination of hand and resp in transcription of primary sources in section 18.2.2 , the division of layers of responsibility through various scholars for particular aspects of a particular reading may require the more complex mechanisms for assigning responsibility described in chapter 17 .
The formal declaration of the <rdg> and <lem> elements is this:
<!-- 19.1.2: Readings -->
<!ELEMENT lem - O (%paraContent)
+(%m.fragmentary)
>
<!ATTLIST lem %a.global;
%a.readings; >
<!ELEMENT rdg - O (%paraContent)
+(%m.fragmentary)
>
<!ATTLIST rdg %a.global;
%a.readings; >
<!-- This fragment is used in sec. 19 -->
The <rdgGrp> element may be used to group readings, either because they have identical values on one or more attributes, or because they are seen as forming a self-contained variant sequence, or for some other reason. This grouping of readings is entirely optional: no such grouping of readings is required.
The <rdgGrp> element is a member of class readings and therefore can carry the wit , type , cause , varSeg , hand , and resp attributes described in the preceding section. When values for any of these attributes are given on a <rdgGrp> element, the values given are inherited by the <rdg> or <lem> elements nested within the reading group, unless overridden by a new specification on the individual reading element.
To indicate that both Hg and La vary only orthographically from the lemma, one might tag both readings <rdg type='orthographic'> , as shown in the preceding section. This fact can be expressed more perspicuously, however, by grouping their readings into a <rdgGrp> , thus:
<app>
<lem wit='El Ra2'>though</lem>
<rdgGrp type=orthographic>
<rdg wit='Hg'>thogh</rdg>
<rdg wit='La'>thouhe</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
</app>
Similarly, <rdgGrp> may be used to organize the substantive variants of an apparatus entry. Editors may need to indicate that each of a group of witnesses may be taken as all supporting a particular reading, even though there may be variation concerning the exact form of that reading in, or the degree of support offered by, those witnesses. For example: one may identify three substantive variants on the first word of Chaucer's Wife of Bath's Prologue in the manuscripts: these might be expressed in regularized spelling as ``Experience'', ``Experiment'', and ``Eriment''. In fact, the manuscripts display many different spellings of these words, and a scholar may wish both to show that the manuscripts have all these variant spellings and that these variant spellings actually support only the three regularized spelling forms. One may term these variant spellings as `subvariants' of the regularized spelling forms.
This subvariation can be expressed within an <app> element by gathering the readings into three groups according to the normalized form of their reading. All the readings within each group may be accounted subvariants of the main reading for the group, which may be signaled by tagging it <lem> or <rdg type='group base'> .
In this example, the different subvariants on ``Experience'', ``Experiment'', and ``Eriment'' are held within three <rdgGrp> elements nested within the enclosing <app> element:
<app type='substantive'>
<rdgGrp type='subvariants'>
<lem wit='El Hg'>Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='Ha4'>Experiens</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
<rdgGrp type='subvariants'>
<lem wit='Cp Ld1'>Experiment</lem>
<rdg wit='La'>Ex&p-underbar;iment</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
<rdgGrp type='subvariants'>
<lem wit='[unattested]'>Eriment</lem>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
</app>
From this, one may deduce that the regularized reading ``Experience''
is supported by all three manuscripts El Hg Ha4, although the spelling
differs in Ha4, and that the regularized reading ``Eriment'' is
supported by Ra2, even though the form differs in that manuscript.
Accordingly, an application which recognizes that these apparatus
entries show subvariation may then assign all the witnesses instanced as
attesting the sub-variants on that lemma as actually supporting the
reading of the lemma itself at a higher level of classification. Thus,
Ha4 here supports the reading ``Experience'' found in El and Hg, even
though it is spelt slightly differently in Ha4.
Reading groups may nest recursively, so that variants can be classified to any desired depth. Because apparatus entries may also nest, the <app> element might also be used to group readings in the same way. The example above is substantially identical to the following, which uses <app> instead of <rdgGrp> :
<app id=A1 type='substantive' >
<rdg wit='El Hg Ha4'>
<app id=A2 type='orthographic'>
<lem wit='El Hg'>Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='Ha4'>Experiens</rdg>
</app>
</rdg>
<rdg wit='Cp Ld1 La'>
<app id=A3 type='orthographic'>
<lem wit='Cp Ld1'>Experiment</lem>
<rdg wit='La'>Ex&p-underbar;iment</rdg>
</app>
</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>
<app id=A4 type='orthographic'>
<lem wit='[unattested]'>Eriment</lem>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
</rdg>
</app>
This expresses even more clearly than the previous encoding of this
material that at the highest level of classification (apparatus entry
A1), this variation has three normalized readings, and that the first of
these is supported by manuscripts El, Hg, and Ha4; the second by Cp,
Ld1, and La; and the third by Ra2. Some encoders may find the use of
nested apparatus entries less intuitive than the use of reading groups,
however, so both methods of classifying the readings of a variation are
allowed.
Reading groups may also be used to bring together variants which form an apparent developmental sequence, and to make clear that other readings are not part of that sequence, as in the following example, which makes clear that the variant sequence ``experiment'' to ``eriment'' says nothing about the relative priority of ``experiment'' and ``experience'':
<app type='substantive'>
<rdgGrp type='subvariants'>
<lem wit='El Hg'>Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='Ha4'>Experiens</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
<rdgGrp type='sequence'>
<rdgGrp varSeq=1 type='subvariants'>
<lem wit='Cp Ld1'>Experiment</lem>
<rdg wit='La'>Ex&p-underbar;iment</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
<rdgGrp varSeq=2 cause='loss of abbrev for PER' resp=PR>
<lem wit='[unattested]'>Eriment</lem>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
</rdgGrp>
</app>
Reading groups are defined formally as follows:
<!-- 19.1.3: Reading Groups -->
<!ELEMENT rdgGrp - O (((rdgGrp, wit?) | ((lem, wit?)?,
(rdg, wit?)*))+) >
<!ATTLIST rdgGrp %a.global;
%a.readings; >
<!-- This fragment is used in sec. 19 -->
A given reading is associated with the set of witnesses attesting it by listing the witnesses in the wit attribute on the <rdg> , <lem> , or <rdgGrp> element. Special mechanisms, described in the following sections, are needed to associate annotation on a reading with one specific witness among several (section 19.1.4.1 ), to transcribe witness information verbatim from a source edition (section 19.1.4.2 ), and to identify the formal lists of witnesses typically provided in the front matter of critical editions (section 19.1.4.3 ).
When it is desired to give additional information about a particular witness or witnesses for the reading, the information may be given in a <witDetail> element, pointing to the identifier for that reading and signalling in the value of its wit attribute the witnesses or witnesses to which the additional information relates.
The <witDetail> element is a specialized form of <note> , which adds to the attributes of that element the specialized attribute wit , which indicates which witness in particular is being described. Like <note> , <witDetail> can be included in the text at the point of attachment, or can point to the reading(s) being annotated with its target attribute. To indicate, on the authority of editor PR, that the Ellesmere manuscript has an ornamental capital in the word `Experience', for example, one might write:
<app type='substantive'>
<rdgGrp type='subvariants'>
<lem id=W026 wit='El Hg'>Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='Ha4'>Experiens</rdg>
</rdgGrp>
<!-- ... -->
</app>
<!-- elsewhere in the text, perhaps in a separate section
of notes ... -->
<witDetail target=w026 resp=PR wit='El'>Ornamental capital.</witDetail>
This encoding makes clear that the ornamental capital mentioned is in
the Ellesmere manuscript, and not in Hengwrt or Ha4.
Like <note> , <witDetail> may be used to record the specific wording of information in the source text, even when the information itself is captured in some more formal way elsewhere. The example from the Carmina Burana above (section 19.1.2 ), for example, might be extended thus, to record the wording of the note explaining the variant:
<l>Swaz hi g&a;t umbe
<l>daz sint alle megede,
<l>die wellent &a;n man
<l><app>
<rdg wit='M' hand='m1'>alle</rdg>
<rdg id='Anon.6.4' wit='M' hand='m2'>allen</rdg>
</app>
disen sumer g&a;n.
<!-- ... -->
<witDetail target='Anon.6.4' wit='M'><ref>allen</ref>
<mentioned>n</mentioned> nachgetragen.</witDetail>
<!-- ... -->
Observe that a single witness detail element may be linked to several different readings (noting, for example, a recurrent phenomena in a particular manuscript) by having the target attribute point at all the readings in question. Similarly, feature structures containing information about the text in a witness (whether retroversion, regularization, or other) can also be linked to specific <lem> and <rdg> instances. See chapter 16 .
The <witDetail> element is formally declared thus:
<!-- 19.1.4.1: Witness Details -->
<!ELEMENT witDetail - O (%paraContent) >
<!ATTLIST witDetail %a.global;
wit CDATA #REQUIRED
target IDREFS #REQUIRED
place CDATA 'apparatus'
resp CDATA #IMPLIED
type CDATA #IMPLIED >
<!-- This fragment is used in sec. 19 -->
In the transcription of printed critical editions, it may be desirable to retain for future reference the exact form in which the source edition records the witnesses to a particular reading; this is particularly important in cases of ambiguity in the information, or uncertainty as to the correct interpretation. The <wit> element may be used to transcribe such lists of witnesses to a particular reading.
<lg type=stanza>
<l id=Diet1.1>Sl&a-;fest du, vriedel ziere?
<l id=Diet1.2>wan wecket uns leider schiere;
<l id=Diet1.3>ein vogell&i-;n s&o-; wol get&a-;n
<l id=Diet1.3>daz ist der linden an daz zw&i-; geg&a-;n.
</lg>
<!-- ... -->
<app type='secondary' loc=Diet.1.1>
<rdg wit='K Ba'>sl&a-;fst</rdg> <wit>K(Ba)</wit>
</app>
<app type='secondary' loc=Diet.1.2>
<rdg wit='K V'>Man</rdg> <wit>K(V)</wit>
<rdg wit='K Wa'>weckt</rdg> <wit>K (Wackernagel 401)</wit>
<rdg wit='Ju'>Ich waen ez taget uns schiere</rdg>
<wit><bibl>Jungbluth, Festschr. Pretzel 1963, 122.</bibl></wit>
</app>
<!-- ... -->
<!-- (The non-standard entities &a-; &o-; and &i-; are used -->
<!-- here to indicate vowels with circumflexes.) -->
<!-- The edition in question has two apparatus: one of -->
<!-- manuscript readings, and one of readings from editions -->
<!-- and the secondary literature; hence the attribute -->
<!-- value type='secondary'. -->
Of course, the sigla used for different witnesses need not be the same
in the source and the wit attribute, as shown particularly in
the apparatus for the second line of the poem (Diet.1.2).
The formal declaration for <wit> is as follows:
<!-- 19.1.4.2: Source-text Witness Lists in Apparatus --> <!ELEMENT wit - O (%paraContent;) > <!ATTLIST wit %a.global; > <!-- This fragment is used in sec. 19 -->
In the front matter of the edition, a list of all witnesses may be given if desired, in the form of a witness list, held within a <witList> element. This witness list must contain a series of <witness> elements. Each <witness> element may optionally contain text describing that witness in detail and must have an attibute holding as its value the sigil (siglum) or identifier for a particular witness.
The minimal information provided by a witness list is thus the set of sigla for all the witnesses named in the apparatus. For example, a simple list of the four Chaucer manuscripts used in the examples of this chapter could appear thus:
<witlist>
<witness sigil='El'>
<witness sigil='Hg'>
<witness sigil='La'>
<witness sigil='Ra2'>
</witlist>
It is common, however, for witness lists to be somewhat more informative: each <witness> element may contain a prose description of the witness, or a bibliographic citation:
<witlist>
<witness sigil='El' >Ellesmere, Huntingdon Library 26.C.9</witness>
<witness sigil='Hg' >Hengwrt, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth,
Peniarth 392D</witness>
<witness sigil='La' >British Library Lansdowne 851</witness>
<witness sigil='Ra2'>Bodleian Library Rawlinson Poetic 149</witness>
</witlist>
In some cases, the witness list contains a whole paragraph of commentary
for each witness:
<witList>
<witness sigil='A'>die sog. <soCalled>Kleine (oder alte)
Heidelberger Liederhandschrift</soCalled>.
<bibl>Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg col. pal.
germ. 357. Pergament, 45 Fll. 18,5 × 13,5 cm.</bibl>
Wahrscheinlich die &ae;lteste der drei gro&ss;en Hss.
Sie <q>datiert aus dem 123. Jahrhundert, etwa um 1275.
Ihre Sprache weist ins Elsa&ss;, evtl. nach Stra&ss;burg.
Man geht wohl nicht fehl, in ihr eine Sammlung aus dem
Stadtpatriziat zu sehen</q> (<bibl><author>Blank</author>,
[vgl. <ref>Lit. z. Hss. Bd. 2, S. 39</ref>] S. 14</bibl>).
Sie enth&ae;lt 34 namentlich genannte Dichter. <q>Zu
den Vorz&ue;gen von A geh&oe;rt, da&ss; sie kaum je
bewu&ss;t ge&ae;ndert hat, so da&ss; sie f&ue;r manche
Dichter ... oft den besten Text liefert</q> (so wohl
mit Recht <bibl><author>v. Kraus</author></bibl>).</witness>
<witness sigil='a'>Bezeichnung <bibl><author>Lachmann</author></bibl>s f&ue;r
die von einer 2. Hand auf bl. 40-43 geschriebenen
Strophen der Hs. A.</witness>
<witness sigil='B'>die <soCalled>Weingartner (Stuttgarter)
Liederhandschrift</soCalled>. <bibl>W&ue;rttembergische
Landesbibliothek Stuttgart, HB XIII poetae germanici
1. Pergament, 156 Bll. 15 × 11,5 cm; 25 teils
ganzseitig, teils halbseitige Miniaturen.</bibl> Kaum
vor 1306 in Konstanz geschrieben. Sie enth&ae;lt Lieder
von 25 namentlich genannten Dichtern. (Dazu kommen
Gedichte von einigen ungenannten bzw. unbekannten
Dichtern, ein Marienlobpreis und eine Minnelehre.)</witness>
<!-- etc. ... -->
</witList>
<!-- &ae; &oe; &ue; = a, o, u umlaut. ss = esszett -->
It is common, in text-critical work, to refer to frequently occurring groups of witnesses by means of a single common sigil. Such sigla may be documented as pseudo-witnesses in their own right by including, in the witness list, a <witness> element giving the sigil for the group and listing the other witnesses included in the group in the value of the included attribute. In this example, the group of manuscripts of the ``Canterbury Tales'' which make up ``Constant Group c'' are themselves first allocated sigla in individual <witness> elements, and then those sigla are given as the included value of a further <witness> element. All the manuscripts of this group may thereafter be referred to as ``c'':
<witlist>
<witness sigil='Cp'>Corpus Christi Oxford MS 198</witness>
<witness sigil='La'>British Library Lansdowne 851</witness>
<witness sigil='Sl2'>British Library Sloane MS 1686</witness>
<witness sigil='c' included='Cp La Sl2'>Constant Group c</witness>
</witlist>
That the reading ``Experiment'' occurs in all three manuscripts
can now be indicated simply as follows:
<rdg wit='c'>Experiment</rdg>
Situations commonly arise where there are many more or less fragmentary witnesses, such that there may be quite distinct groups of witnesses for different parts of a text or collection of texts. One may treat this with distinct <witList> elements for each different part. Alternatively, one may have a single <witList> element at the beginning of the file listing all the witnesses, partial and complete, for the text, with the attestation of fragmentary witnesses indicated within the apparatus by use of the <witStart> and <witEnd> elements described in section 19.1.5 .
If a witness list is provided, it may be unnecessary to give, in each apparatus entry, an exhaustive list of the witnesses which agree with the base text. An application program can --- in principle --- compare the witnesses given for each variant found with those given in the full list of witnesses, subtracting from this list all the witnesses not active at this point (perhaps because of lacuna, or because they contain a variation on a different, overlapping lemma) and thence calculate all the manuscripts agreeing with the base text. In practice, encoders may find it less error-prone to list all witnesses explicitly in each apparatus entry.
The formal declaration of <witList> and <witness> is as follows:
<!-- 19.1.4.3: Witness Lists in Front Matter -->
<!ELEMENT witList - O (witness+) >
<!ATTLIST witList %a.global; >
<!ELEMENT witness - O (%paraContent) >
<!ATTLIST witness %a.global;
sigil CDATA #REQUIRED
included CDATA '' >
<!-- This fragment is used in sec. 19 -->
If a witness is incomplete (whether a single fragment, a series of fragments, or a relatively complete text with one or more lacunae), it is usually desirable to record explicitly where its preserved portions begin and end. The following empty tags, which may occur within any <lem> or <rdg> element, indicate the beginning or end of a fragmentary witness or of a lacuna within a witness:
Suppose a fragment of a manuscript X of the Wife of Bath's Prologue has a physical lacuna, and the text of the manuscript begins with `auctorite'. In an apparatus this might appear thus, distinguished from the reading of other manuscripts by the presence of the <lacunaEnd> element:
<app>
<lem wit='El Hg'>Auctoritee</lem>
<rdg wit='La Ra2'>auctorite</rdg>
<rdg wit='X'><lacunaEnd>auctorite</rdg>
</app>
In some cases, the apparatus in the source may commence recording the
readings for a particular witness without its being clear whether the
previous absence of readings for this witness is due to a lacuna, or to
some other reason. The <witStart> element may be used in this
circumstance:
<app>
<lem wit='El Hg'>Auctoritee</lem>
<rdg wit='La Ra2'>auctorite</rdg>
<rdg wit='X'><witStart>auctorite</rdg>
</app>
The formal declarations for these elements are these:
<!-- 19.1.5: Fragmentary witnesses -->
<!ELEMENT witStart - O EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST witStart %a.global;
%a.fragmentary; >
<!ELEMENT witEnd - O EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST witEnd %a.global;
%a.fragmentary; >
<!ELEMENT lacunaStart - O EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST lacunaStart %a.global;
%a.fragmentary; >
<!ELEMENT lacunaEnd - O EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST lacunaEnd %a.global;
%a.fragmentary; >
<!-- This fragment is used in sec. 19 -->
Three different methods may be used to link a critical apparatus to the text:
Both the location-referenced and the double end-point methods may be used with either in-line or external apparatus, the former dispersed within the base text, the latter held in some separate location, within or outside the document with the base text. The parallel segmentation method does not use the concept of a base text and may only be used for in-line apparatus.
Any document containing <app> elements requires a <variantEncoding> declaration in the <editorialDecl> element of its TEI header, thus:
For examples of this element, see the following sections. The formal declaration is given in section 5.3.3 .
The location-referenced method of encoding apparatus provides a convenient method for encoding printed apparatus; in this method as in most printed editions, the apparatus is linked to the base text by indicating explicitly only the block of text on which there is a variant (noted usually by a canonical reference scheme, or by line number in the edition, such as ``A 137'' or ``Page 15 line 1'').
If the location-referenced method is used for an apparatus stored externally to the base text, the TEI header must have the declaration:
<variantEncoding method='location-referenced' location='external'>
In the <body> of the document, the base text (here El) will appear:
<text> <body> ... <div n=WBP><head>The Prologe of the Wyves Tale of Bathe</head> <l n=1>Experience though noon Auctoritee</l> <l>Were in this world ... </div> </body> </text>
Elsewhere in the document, or in a separate file, the apparatus will appear. On each <app> element, the loc attribute should be specified to indicate where the variant occurs in the base text.
<app loc="WBP 1">
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
If the same text is encoded using in-line storage, the apparatus is dispersed through the base text block to which it refers. In this case, the location of the variant can be read from the line in which it occurs.
<TEI.2>
<TeiHeader>
<!-- ... -->
<encodingDesc>
<!-- ... -->
<editorialDecl>
<!-- ... -->
<variantEncoding method='location-referenced' location='internal'>
<!-- ... -->
</editorialDecl>
<!-- ... -->
</encodingDesc><!-- ... -->
</TeiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<!-- ... -->
<div n=WBP><head>The Prologe ... </head>
<l n=1>Experience
<app>
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
though noon Auctoritee</l>
<l>Were in this world ...
</body>
</text>
</TEI.2>
Since the location is not required to be exact, the apparatus for a line might also appear at the end of the line:
<l n=1>Experience though noon Auctoritee
<app>
<rdg wit='La'> Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'> Eryment</rdg>
</app></l>
<l>Were in this world ...
When the apparatus is linked to the text by means of location references, as shown here, it is not possible to find automatically the precise portion of text varied by the readings. In order to show explicitly what portion of the base text is replaced by the variant readings, the <lem> element may be used:
<l n=1>Experience though noon Auctoritee
<app>
<lem wit='El' >Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='La' >Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app></l>
<l>Were in this world ...
Often the lemma will have no attributes, being simply the
`base-text reading' and requiring no qualification,
but it may optionally carry the normal attributes, as shown here. Some
text critics prefer to abbreviate or elide the lemma, in order to save
space or trouble; such practice is not forbidden by these Guidelines,
but no recommendations are made for conventions of abbreviating the
lemma, whether abbreviation of each word, or suppression of all but the
first and last word, etc.
Where it is intended that the apparatus be complete enough to allow the `reconstruction' of the witnesses (or at least of their non-orthographic variations), the location-reference method should be avoided in favor of one of the other two methods, which allow the unambiguous reconstruction of the lemma from the encoding.
In the double end-point attachment method, the beginning and end of the lemma in the base text are both explicitly indicated. It thus differs from the location-referenced method, in which only the larger span of text containing the lemma is indicated. Double end-point attachment permits unambiguous matching of each variant reading against its lemma. It or the parallel-segmentation method should be used in all cases where this is desired, for example where the apparatus is intended to enable full reconstruction of the text, or of the substantives, of every witness.
When the double endpoint attachment method is used, the from and to attributes of the <app> element are used to indicate the beginning and ending points of the reading in the base text: their values are SGML identifiers which occur at the locations in question. If no other markup is present there, the beginning and ending points should be marked using the <anchor> element defined in chapter 14 . In cases where it is not possible to insert anchors within the base text (e.g. where the text is on a read-only medium) the beginning and end of the lemma may be indicated by using the `indirect pointing' mechanisms discussed in chapter 14 . Explicit anchors are more likely to be reliable, and are therefore to be preferred.
The double end-point attachment method may be used with in-line or external apparatus. In the latter case, the base text (here El) will appear with <anchor> elements inserted at every place where a variant begins or ends (unless some element with an SGML identifier already begins or ends at that point):
<TEI.2>
<teiHeader>
<!-- ... -->
<variantEncoding method='double-end-point' location='external'>
<!-- ... -->
</TeiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<!-- ... -->
<div n=WBP><head>The Prologe ... </head>
<l n=1 id='WBP.1'>Experience <anchor id=a2> though noon
Auctoritee</l>
<l>Were in this world ...
<!-- ... -->
</text>
</TEI.2>
The apparatus will be separately encoded:
<app from=wbp.1 to=a2>
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
No <anchor> element is needed at the beginning of the line, since
the from attribute can use the SGML identifier for the
line as a whole; the lemma is assumed to run from the beginning of the
element indicated by the from attribute, to the end of that
indicated by the to attribute. If no value is
given for to , the lemma runs from the beginning to the end of
the element indicated by the from attribute.
When the apparatus is encoded in-line, it is dispersed through the base text. Only the beginning of the lemma need be marked with an <anchor> , since the <app> is inserted at the end of the lemma, and itself therefore marks the end of the lemma.
<TEI.2>
<teiHeader>
<!-- ... -->
<variantEncoding method='double-end-point' location='internal'>
<!-- ... -->
</TEI.Header>
<text>
<body>
<!-- ... -->
<div><head>The Prologe ...</head>
<l n=1 id=WBP.1>Experience
<app from=WBP.1>
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
though noon Auctoritee
<l>Were in this world ...
<!-- ... -->
</body>
</TEI.2>
The lemma need not be repeated within the <app> element in this method, as it may be extracted reliably from the base text. If an exhaustive list of witnesses is available, it will also not be necessary to specify just which manuscripts agree with the base-text to enable reconstruction of witnesses. An application will be able to determine the manuscripts that witness the base reading, by noting which witnesses are attested as having a variant reading, and inferring the base-text reading for all others after adjusting for fragmentary witnesses and for witnesses carrying overlapping variant readings.
Alternatively, if it is desired to make an explicit record of the attestation of the base text the <lem> element may be embedded within <app> , carrying the witnesses to the base. Thus
<app from=wbp.1 to=a2>
<lem wit='El Hg'>Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
This method is designed to cope with `overlapping lemmata'. For example, at line 117 of the Wife of Bath's Prologue, the manuscripts Hg (Hengwrt), El (Ellesmere) and Ha4 (British Library Harleian 7334) read:
In this case, one might wish to record ``in what wise was'' in Ha4 as a single variant for ``of so parfit wys'' in Hg, and ``was a wight'' in El and H4 as a variant on ``wys a wight'' in Hg. This method can readily cope with such difficult situations, typically found in large and complex traditions:
<text><body>
<l n=117 id='WBP.117' > And
<anchor id='a117.1'> of so parfit
<anchor id='a117.2'> wys
<anchor id='a117.3'> a wight
<anchor id='a117.4'> ywroght
<!-- ... -->
<app from=a117.1 to=a117.3>
<lem wit='Hg' >of so parfit wys</lem>
<rdg wit='Ha4'>in what wise was</rdg>
</app>
<app from=a117.2 to=a117.4>
<lem wit='Hg'>wys a wight</lem>
<rdg wit='El Ha4'>was a wight</rdg>
</app>
</l>
</body></text>
The parallel segmentation method, to be discussed next, cannot handle
overlaps among variants, and would require the individual variants to be
split into pieces.
Because creation and interpretation of double end-point attachment apparatus will be lengthy and difficult it is likely that they will usually be created and examined by scholars only with mechanical assistance.
This method differs from the double end-point attachment method in that all variants at any point of the text are expressed as variants on one another. In this method, no two variations can overlap, although they may nest. Thus, the concepts of a base text and of a lemma become unnecessary: the texts compared are divided into matching segments all synchronized with one another. This permits direct comparison of any span of text in any witness with that in any other witness. It is also very easy with this method for an application to extract the full text of any one witness from the apparatus.
This method will (by definition) always be satisfactory when there are just two texts for comparison (assuming they are in the same language and script). It will also be useful where editors do not wish to privilege a text as the `base' or when editors wish to present parallel texts. It will become less convenient as traditions become more complex and tension develops between the need to segment on the largest variation found and the need to express the finest detail of agreement between witnesses.
In the parallel segmentation method, each segment of text on which there is variation is marked by an <app> element; each reading is given in a <rdg> element; if it is desired to single out one reading as preferred, it may be tagged <lem> :
<TEI.2><teiHeader>
<!-- ... -->
<variantEncoding method='parallel-segmentation'
location='internal'>
<!-- ... -->
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<!-- ... -->
<l n=1>
<app><lem wit='El Hg'>Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
though noon Auctoritee</l>
<l>Were in this world ...
This method cannot be used with external apparatus: it must be used in-line. Note that apparatus encoded with this method may be translated into the double end-point attachment method and back without loss of information. Where double-end-point-attachment encodings have no overlapping lemmata, translation of these to the parallel segmentation encoding and back will also be possible without loss of information.
For economy, the witnesses to the reading most widely attested need not be stated. Since all manuscripts must be represented in all apparatus entries, it will be possible for an application to read a <witList> declaring all the witnesses to the text and then calculate which witnesses have not been named. In the example below, only La and Ra2 are identified explicitly with a reading; an application might successfully infer from this that `Experience', whose witnesses are not given, must be attested by El and Hg. To avoid confusion, however, witnesses may be omitted only for a single reading.
<l n=1>
<app><lem>Experience</lem>
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
though noon Auctoritee</l>
<l>Were in this world ...
Alternatively, the witnesses for every reading may be stated, as in the first example.
As noted, apparatus entries may nest in this method: if an imaginary fifth manuscript of the text read ``Auctoritee, though none experience'', the variation on the individual words of the line would nest within that for the line as a whole:
<l n=1>
<app>
<rdg wit=Chi3>Auctoritee, though none experience</rdg>
<rdg>
<app><rdg wit='El Hg'>Experience</rdg>
<rdg wit='La'>Experiment</rdg>
<rdg wit='Ra2'>Eryment</rdg>
</app>
<app><rdg wit='El Ra2'>though</rdg>
<rdg wit='Hg'>thogh</rdg>
<rdg wit='La'>thouh</rdg>
</app>
<app><rdg wit='El Hg'>noon Auctorite</rdg>
<rdg wit='La Ra2'>none auctorite</rdg>
</app>
</rdg>
</app>
</l>
Parallel segmentation cannot, however, deal very gracefully with variants which overlap without nesting: such variants must be broken up into pieces in order to keep all witnesses synchronized.
It is often desirable to record different transcriptions of the one stretch of text. These variant transcriptions may be grouped within a single <app> element. An application may then construct different ``views'' of the transcription by extraction of the appropriate variant readings from the apparatus elements embedded in the transcription.
For example, alternative expansions can be recorded in several different <expan> elements, all grouped within an <app> element. Consider, for example, the three different transcriptions given below of line 105 of the Hengwrt manuscript of Chaucer's The Wife of Bath's Prologue . The last word of the line ``Virginite is grete perfection'' is written ``perfectio'' followed by two minims over which a bar has been drawn, which has been read in different ways by different scholars. The first transcription, by Elizabeth Solopova, represents the two minims with bar above by reference to an entity i-i . This transcription notes this as a mark of abbreviation but gives no expansion for it. A second transcriber, F. J. Furnivall, regards the bar as an abbreviation of `u', reading the two minims as an `n'. A third transcriber, P. G. Ruggiers, regards the bar as an abbreviation of `n', reading the minims as `u'. This information may be held within an <app> structure, as follows:
Virginite is grete <app> <rdg resp=ES >perfectio<abbr>&i-i;</abbr></rdg> <rdg resp=FJF>perfectio<expan>u</expan>n</rdg> <rdg resp=PGR>perfectiou<expan>n</expan></rdg> </app>This example illustrates the adaptation of the <rdg> element for use within the transcription of a particular witness. The wit attribute, which may be compulsory in recording variant readings of many witnesses within a critical apparatus, is redundant when recording variant readings relating to a single witness. However, it may be desirable to specify the editorial responsibility for a particular reading within a transcription. For all three readings, the resp attribute on <rdg> assigns this responsibility. Using this system, it will be straightforward for an application to extract from the one file the three different transcriptions done by these scholars. To do this, the application need look only at the resp attribute on each <rdg> element.
Observe too that in this example the resp attribute is attached to the outer <rdg> element and is not repeated for the inner <expan> elements. There is no need for repetition of the resp attribute values, as the <expan> elements contained within each <rdg> element will inherit the value of the resp from the outer <rdg> element. Thus, the processor will know that the responsibility for the expansion ``perfectio<expan> u</> n'' lies with ``FJF'', as ``FJF'' was responsible for the reading containing this expansion. This simplifies the processing of the information, as the application has only to look at the attribute values for each reading in turn and not for those for elements nested within.
Editorial notes may also be attached to <app> structures within transcriptions. Here, editorial preference for Ruggiers' expansion and an explanation of that preference is given:
Virginite is grete <app> <rdg resp=ES>perfecti<abbr>o&i-i;</abbr></rdg> <rdg id=F105 resp=FJF>perfectio<expan>u</expan>n</rdg> <rdg id=R105 resp=PGR>perfectiou<expan>n</expan></rdg> </app> <!-- ... note element appearing elsewhere in the document ... --> <note target="R105 F105">Furnivall's expansion implies that the bar is an abbreviation for 'u'. There are no certain instances of this mark as an abbreviation for 'u' in these MSS and it is widely used as an abbreviation for 'n'. Ruggiers' expansion is to be accepted.</note>
In most cases, elements used to indicate features of a primary textual source may be represented within an <app> structure simply by nesting them within its readings, just as the <abbr> and <expan> elements are nested within the <rdg> elements in the example just given. However, in cases where the tagged feature extends across a span of text which might itself contain variant readings which it is desired to represent by <app> structures, some adaptation of the tagging may be necessary. For example, a span of text may be marked in the transcription of the primary source as a single deletion but it may be desirable to represent just a few words from this source as individual deletions within the context of a critical apparatus drawing together readings from this and several other witnesses. In this case, the tagging of the span of words as one deletion may need to be decomposed into a series of one-word deletions for encoding within the apparatus. If it is important to record the fact that all were deleted by the same act, the markup may use the <join> element or the next and prev attributes defined by chapter 14 .
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