cited range defines the range of cited content, often represented by pages or other units identifies the type of information conveyed by the element, e.g. columns, pages, volume. volume the element contains a volume number. the element contains an issue number, or volume and issue numbers. pages the element contains a page number or page range. lines the element contains a line number or line range. chapter the element contains a chapter indication (number and/or title) the element identifies a part of a book or collection. specifies the starting point of the range of units indicated by the unit attribute. specifies the end-point of the range of units indicated by the unit attribute. pp 12–13 II 12 , vol. 3, pp. 4-5